Urology

Balanoposthitis is a common condition of inflammation that affects both the penis glans and prepuce (foreskin). It occurs in 12 to 20% of uncircumcised males and boys below the age of 4. The inflammation is classified as infectious, irritant, or traumatic. Balanoposthitis is easily curable. The condition responds well to the treatment and may not cause major complications.

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Urinary stones are a group of chemical substances present within the body. Usually, urine contains many dissolved chemical substances. A specific concentration of these chemicals in the urine causes them to crystallise, thus leading to formation of stones. They may be smooth, jagged or spiky and can be single or multiple. This disorder is present more frequently in middle-aged people, with men being afflicted more often than women. Urinary bladder stones can be present anywhere along the urinary tract starting from the kidneys to the urethra but are more commonly located in the kidney and the ureter. Depending on the chemical composition, the stones may vary in consistency, size and number. The various types are: Calcium phosphate & calcium oxalate stones (commonest) Struvite (infection) stones Uric acid stones Others (Cystine, Xanthine, Pyruvate) Urinary stones are amongst the most painful disorders a person suffers from. These stones can lead to blockage of urinary flow that leads to a build-up of toxins and destruction of tissues, thus causing severe kidney damage.

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The kidneys are bean-shaped organs probably the size of your fist located in the middle of your back on both sides, and their main job is to filter the circulating blood and remove the waste products through urine. But this is not the only thing they do. The kidneys perform a wide range of functions apart from filtering the blood which includes assistance to the formation of red blood cells, control of blood pressure, strengthening of bones, aiding the sugar metabolism in the body and many more.  A kidney disease means that the kidneys are damaged and can not filter blood as they should. This damage can cause wastes to build up in the body. It also can cause other problems that can harm your health. The term 'chronic’ indicates the irreversibility to the normal state, which is opposed to 'acute kidney injury' which is a temporary phenomenon. 

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Circumcision is the procedure for the removal of the foreskin of the penis. The surgery is carried out on newborns, children, or adults for religious or personal reasons. Some conditions may also require the removal of the foreskin, such as balanitis, phimosis, and more. In healthy newborns, it is done for cultural reasons. For instance, the religious laws of Judaism, Islam, and some ethnicities of Africa require that newborn boys be circumcised.

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Prostate enlargement is a common part of ageing. Doctors call this condition ‘Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia’ (BPH). Though the prostate continues to grow during most of a man’s life, the enlargement doesn’t usually cause problems until late in life. It rarely causes symptoms before one turns 40 years old. More than half of men in their sixties and as many as 90% in their seventies and eighties have some symptoms of prostate enlargement. It is the most common benign tumour in men and is one of those rare conditions that affect the quality of life, rather than the longevity of life. It is not life-threatening, but it can be embarrassing, inconvenient, and uncomfortable.

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When men cannot get or keep an erection longer and firm enough for sexual intercourse, their condition is known as erectile dysfunction or impotence. If erection is an issue from time to time, it is not a cause for concern. However, if it becomes an ongoing issue, it may lead to stress and affect relationships. Erectile dysfunction may also indicate an underlying medical problem that requires treatment. It may indicate the presence of heart disease. That is why it is essential to evaluate the cause and treat it accordingly. In some cases, treating the cause may reverse the condition, while others may require medicines or direct treatment.

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Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is a commonly used non-invasive procedure for treating kidney stones. It employs high-energy shock waves to break down kidney stones into smaller sections, allowing them to pass through the urinary tract more easily. SWL has revolutionised the management of kidney stones, offering several advantages over traditional surgical techniques. This article explores the indications, advantages, disadvantages, preparation, procedure, risks, post-operative measures, and success rate associated with shock wave lithotripsy. Indications Shock wave lithotripsy is primarily indicated for the treatment of kidney stones that are less than 2 centimetres in size. It is particularly effective for stones located in the kidney or upper ureter. SWL is suitable for patients with normal kidney function and those who are not pregnant. However, certain stone characteristics, such as stones composed of cystine or certain types of calcium, may affect the success rate of the procedure. Who Should Not Go For Lithotripsy? Pregnant women Patients with bleeding disorders, kidney disorders Obese patients Advantages of Shock Wave Lithotripsy Non-Invasive: SWL is a non-surgical procedure, which means it does not require incisions or invasive techniques. This reduces the risk of complications, minimises pain, and shortens recovery time compared to traditional surgical interventions Outpatient Procedure: Shock wave lithotripsy is typically performed on an outpatient basis, thereby avoiding hospitalisation High Success Rate: SWL has a success rate of approximately 70-90% in breaking down kidney stones, depending on various factors such as stone size, location, composition, and patient characteristics Minimal Recovery Time: After undergoing SWL, patients can usually resume their normal activities within a couple of days, compared to several weeks of recovery required for surgical procedures Repeatable: In case of incomplete stone fragmentation or the presence of residual stones, SWL can be repeated without significant risks or complications Disadvantages of Shock Wave Lithotripsy Size and Location Limitations: Shock wave lithotripsy may be less effective for larger stones (greater than 2 centimetres) or stones located in the lower ureter, as the shock waves may not adequately reach or fragment the stones Multiple Sessions: Depending on the size and composition of the stones, multiple sessions of SWL may be required to achieve complete stone clearance, potentially prolonging the treatment duration. Stone Residuals: In some cases, small stone fragments may remain after SWL, necessitating additional treatments or alternative interventions to clear them Discomfort and Bruising: During the procedure, patients may experience discomfort and bruising on the treatment site due to the shock waves. This discomfort is typically temporary and manageable with pain medications Potential for Complications: Although rare, complications such as bleeding around the kidney, infection, or injury to surrounding organs may occur. However, these risks are significantly lower compared to surgical interventions Preparation for Shock Wave Lithotripsy Anaesthesia is used by the doctor to help the patient remain calm and still during the procedure. It could be either general, regional, or local anaesthesia; hence, the patient is advised not to have any fluids 6 hours prior to the procedure. Patients can continue their regular medications, but blood-thinning medications are stopped by the doctor for around five days before the shock wave lithotripsy procedure. A mid-stream urine culture test is advised by the doctor to confirm the sterility of urine before the treatment. Before undergoing SWL, patients typically need to follow these preparations: Medical Evaluation: A comprehensive medical evaluation is conducted to assess the patient's overall health, kidney function, stone characteristics, and suitability for SWL Fasting: Patients are often required to fast for a few hours before the procedure, depending on the specific instructions provided by the healthcare provider Medication Adjustment: Certain medications, such as blood thinners, may need to be adjusted or temporarily discontinued to reduce the risk of bleeding during the procedure Hydration: Adequate hydration is crucial before SWL to improve the effectiveness of the shock waves in breaking down the stones. Patients are often advised to drink plenty of water before the procedure Procedure of Shock Wave Lithotripsy The patient is positioned on the operating table, and a soft, water-filled cushion is stationed on the abdomen or behind the kidney, which helps the high-frequency waves to be transmitted to the kidney. The healthcare provider uses an imaging technique, such as ultrasound or fluoroscopy, to locate and precisely target the kidney stone. High-energy shock waves are then generated externally and focused on the stone. These shock waves pass through the skin, muscles, and tissues, shattering the stone into smaller fragments. The entire procedure usually lasts between 30 minutes to an hour, depending on the size and number of stones. The patient is positioned in such a manner that the shock waves would be directed precisely at the target. Usually, the procedure takes about 45-60 minutes and around 1000-3000 shock waves to crush the stones. At times, the physician slides a tube (Double J-stent) through the bladder and threads it up to the kidney. These tubes, also called stents, are used to keep the ureter open. It is also used when there is a high risk of infection, or the patient is not able to tolerate the pain. Post-treatment, the patient is generally allowed to leave after an hour. Patients are advised to consume lots of fluids and then are asked to strain their urine through a filter in order to capture the stone fragments for testing. The cost of lithotripsy in India varies with the type of procedure selected, the facility where the treatment takes place, and the city where the patient decides to get the procedure done. Risks and Potential Complications Although rare, shock wave lithotripsy may carry some risks and potential complications, including: Pain or Discomfort: Patients may experience discomfort or pain during the procedure, which can be managed with local or general anaesthesia and pain medications Bleeding: In some cases, bleeding around the kidney or within the urinary tract may occur. This usually resolves on its own but may require additional medical intervention Infection: There is a small risk of developing a urinary tract infection following SWL. Patients are often prescribed antibiotics to minimise this risk Injury to Surrounding Organs: In rare instances, the shock waves may cause injury to nearby organs or tissues, such as the liver or bowel What to Expect After Shock Wave Lithotripsy? Post-treatment, the patient might experience abdominal pain and will possibly have blood in the urine. Some may even experience acute pain when the stone fragments pass through urine. Sometimes, the stone present is not entirely crushed, and further treatment is needed. Patients are advised to contact the doctor for any complications post-treatment, such as the urge for urination after the bladder is empty or severe pain even after having painkillers. Post-Operative Measures After undergoing shock wave lithotripsy, patients are typically advised to: Hydrate: Drinking an increased amount of water helps flush out the stone fragments from the urinary system and reduces the risk of complications Pain Management: Over-the-counter or prescribed pain medications may be recommended to manage any discomfort or pain after the procedure Follow-Up Imaging: A follow-up imaging test, such as an X-ray or ultrasound, is usually scheduled to evaluate the effectiveness of SWL in fragmenting the stones and check for any residual fragments Lifestyle Modifications: Have a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and keep the body hydrated to prevent the formation of new kidney stones Success Rate of Shock Wave Lithotripsy The success rate of SWL depends on various factors, including stone size, composition, location, and patient characteristics. On average, shock wave lithotripsy achieves a stone-free status in about 70-90% of cases. Larger stones and those composed of certain materials, such as cystine or calcium phosphate, may have a lower success rate. However, repeat SWL sessions or alternative treatments can often be considered to achieve successful stone clearance. Follow-up Care After Laser Lithotripsy Patients are advised to consume around three litres of fluids per day in order to help the passage of stone fragments. If there are not any complications associated with SWL, patients are instructed to meet the physician after one month of the treatment. A kidney, ureter, and bladder X-ray is advised prior to seeing the physician as it helps him evaluate the condition. Simple analgesics are usually required after the treatment. Only in certain cases are stronger medications prescribed. Shock wave lithotripsy is a safe and non-invasive treatment option for kidney stones. It offers several advantages over traditional surgical interventions, such as reduced risk of complications, shorter recovery time, and high success rates. Although SWL may not be suitable for all types and sizes of stones, it remains a widely used and valuable technique in managing kidney stones. Review Reviewed by Dr. Anil Kumar Varshney - Senior Director - Urology and Dr. Amit Kumar - Associate Consultant - Urology.

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Hematospermia is a condition characterized by blood in semen. Most men notice this relatively persistent and troublesome symptom. It is usually a benign, self‐limiting disorder, including inflammatory and infective pathologies, and it takes several weeks to resolve this issue. Blood in semen often settles on its own in men less than 40 years of age with no related symptoms or risk factors involved. However, for men in the age group 40 and above, chances are higher that blood in the semen needs proper evaluation and treatment. This is especially true for men who: Have recurrent incidents of blood in the semen Have associated symptoms while urination or while ejaculating Are at a greater a bleeding disorder, risk for cancer,  or other conditions However, this condition is not a sign of any serious health condition.

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Haematuria is a condition where there is a presence of blood/red blood cells in urine. It can affect the kidneys and the bladder. Hematuria refers to the presence of red blood cells in the urine. This is actually a sign that there is a kidney stone or a tumor in the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, prostate, and urethra), ranging from trivial to lethal.

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Horseshoe kidney, also known as renal fusion, is a condition where both kidneys unite to form a U-shaped structure that deviates from their typical position. The fused kidneys are often located in the pelvic area, closer to the front of the body. This condition arises during foetal development, as the kidneys attach to the lower end of the spine and fuse together rather than ascending up and back. Horseshoe kidney is a rare condition, affecting around 1 in 500 babies, with boys being more commonly affected than girls. While no serious health issues have been linked to this condition, some children may experience complications related to various systems in the body, such as the heart, nervous system, reproductive organs, blood vessels, urinary system, digestive system, or bones. Although there is no known cure for renal fusion, managing the condition with medication and lifestyle adjustments can help alleviate symptoms. 

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Hydrocele is a condition characterised by the accumulation of fluid in the thin sac surrounding the testicles, resulting in swelling in the scrotum. It is a common condition that can occur in males of any age, although it is most prevalent in newborns and older men. In many cases, hydroceles resolve on their own within six months to one year without causing any problems. However, large or persistent hydroceles may require surgical correction.

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Hydronephrosis occurs when either one or both kidneys become swollen due to the inability of urine to drain effectively from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. It is not a primary disease but a secondary condition that occurs because of some underlying pathology.  It can involve either one or both kidneys. If only one kidney is affected, it is termed unilateral hydronephrosis; if both kidneys are involved, it is termed bilateral hydronephrosis. Suppose there is any issue in the urinary tract, from the kidneys to the ureters, the bladder, or the urethra. In that case, it results in impaired emptying of the urinary bladder, thereby accumulating fluids and leading to pressure in the kidneys. Hydronephrosis can occur at any age, including children and adults. In children, it may be due to anatomic abnormalities, whereas in adults, it can be due to kidney stones. Hydronephrosis may result in altered kidney function. It requires medical care and attention; otherwise, it can also result in kidney failure. Symptoms of Hydronephrosis  In hydronephrosis, urine tends to accumulate in the kidneys for an extended period resulting in the enlargement of the kidneys. If this condition is left untreated for a more extended period, the kidneys will press on surrounding organs, and the increased pressure will cause the impaired function of kidneys. The following are the symptoms of hydronephrosis: Pain during urination Incomplete emptying of the bladder Fever Nausea Vomiting Pain in the abdomen Weakness Fatigue Blood in the urine Backache Causes of Hydronephrosis  Hydronephrosis is caused by internal and external factors affecting the kidney and the urinary system. The following are the most commonly seen conditions that cause hydronephrosis: Enteroceles are characterized by the swelling of one of the ureters at the bottom. Urinary retention, due to the inability to empty the urinary bladder. Kidney stones, which get trapped either in the kidney or urinary tract and may vary in size. The presence of blood clots in the kidney or ureter. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, which is characterized by an enlargement of the prostate gland, leading to increased pressure on the urethra. Vesicoureteral reflux is characterized by a backward flow of urine from the bladder to the kidneys. Narrowing of the urinary tract due to infection, injury, surgery, or congenital disabilities Nerve problems in the body affecting the kidneys or ureters Certain cancers can affect the urinary system because if the tumor is pressing against certain parts of the urinary system, it will obstruct urine flow from the kidneys. Cancer can spread to the kidneys, prostrate, and even the bladder Pregnancy causes the womb to block the tubes responsible for connecting the bladder and kidneys. A prolapsed uterus is a condition characterized by the uterus slipping out of its normal position. Cystoceles are characterized by a weakening of the wall between the bladder and the vagina, resulting in the bladder dropping into the vagina. Diagnosis of Hydronephrosis  The following tests are performed to diagnose this condition: Physical Examination: The doctor evaluates the area around the kidneys and bladder for tenderness and swelling. For men, a rectal examination is also carried out to rule out prostate enlargement, whereas, for women, a pelvic examination is carried out to determine the problems with the uterus and ovaries. Renal Ultrasound Scan: It uses sound waves to access various organs inside the body, including the kidneys and urinary tract. It helps to determine the extent of swelling as well as the area of blockage. Blood tests: Comprise Complete Blood Count (CBC) to determine any infection in the kidneys and Kidney Function Test (KFT) to ascertain the proper functioning of the kidneys. Imaging Procedures: May comprise a CT (Computed Tomography) Scan and a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan. Renal Mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) Scan is a diagnostic test performed to visualize the kidneys and monitor their functioning. Treatment of Hydronephrosis  The treatment of hydronephrosis aims to restore the flow of urine from the kidneys, decrease the swelling around the kidney and relieve the pressure caused by the accumulation of urine. The treatment includes the following: Insertion of nephrostomy tube through the skin to the kidneys to drain excessive urine. Antibiotic therapy is given to lower the risk of urinary tract infections Shockwave lithotripsy is given to treat kidney stones. Shock waves are emitted from a machine, which helps break up the stones into a powdered form or even smaller fragments so they can be flushed out of the body. Ureteroscopy is another procedure performed in the urethra to break up and remove stones. This procedure occurs when the stones are present in the lower half of the ureters or the bladder. It can be performed alone or sometimes with other techniques, such as electro-hydraulic lithotripsy, to break the stones. Surgical removal of stones. Complications of Hydronephrosis The following are the complications of hydronephrosis: Urinary tract infection Kidney infection Post-obstruction dieresis Kidney failure Early treatment is very beneficial in determining the outlook of this condition. For cases requiring surgery, the recovery is almost complete and normal. However, for the kidneys to return to normal functioning, it is essential to eliminate obstruction in the kidneys. Review  Reviewed By Dr. Gaurav Garg (Uro), Senior Consultant - Urology/Andrology, Robotic Surgery on 12 June 2024.

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Kidney stones, clinically known as "nephrolithiasis," can interrupt the natural functioning of the body's urinary system, causing significant discomfort and potential health complications. At Max Hospitals in Delhi, India, we possess a comprehensive grasp of the intricacies and concerns associated with kidney stones, which enables us to provide the best possible treatment ensuring exceptional outcomes for our patients. As a premier institution for kidney stone treatment in India, we pride ourselves in having blended medical proficiency with an empathetic approach, to offer the best possible treatment and support to each patient. Placing the health and recovery of patients at the forefront of our mission, our team of urologists, nephrologists, surgeons, and other specialists leaves no stone unturned to ensure they receive the best possible treatment and care on their journey to wellness.

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Laparoscopic urologic surgery is a surgery where a doctor corrects urological issues without causing much agony to the patient. It is a minimally invasive surgery that involves the use of a laparoscope which has an inbuilt camera and several long and thin surgical instruments. It is inserted into the body through small incisions. With this surgery, patients experience a much better post-operative pain control, short hospitalization, quick recovery period and better results. Nowadays, robotic technology is implemented in laparoscopic urologic procedure. Robotic surgery provides much better visualization and enhanced dexterity to the surgeon. Robotic technology has gained popularity especially in radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer.

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Overactive bladder or urge incontinence refers to strong, sudden need to urinate due to bladder spasms or contractions. The frequent need to urinate may occur during the day, at night, or both. If there is loss of bladder control then it is known as urge incontinence. The cause for it is still unknown. More than 40% of people with overactive bladder have incontinence.While about 40% to 70% of urinary incontinence is due to overactive bladder. It is not life-threatening. Most people with the condition have problems for years.

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Uterine prolapse, a condition where the uterus descends into or protrudes out of the vaginal canal, can significantly impact a woman's health and well-being. At Max Hospitals, we understand the importance of specialised care for this condition. Our team of qualified gynaecologists and pelvic health experts collaborates to provide individualised and advanced treatment options for uterine prolapse. Committed to excellence in women's health, Max Hospitals in Delhi, India, offers comprehensive Uterine Prolapse Treatment. Our experienced medical professionals leverage state-of-the-art diagnostic technologies and innovative therapeutic approaches to develop personalised treatment plans. With a patient-centric focus, we aim to address the unique needs of each individual, ensuring optimal outcomes. Beyond the core diagnosis and treatment, Max Hospitals emphasises comprehensive support and long-term care to enhance the quality of life for our patients. Our commitment extends to offering a range of support services, encompassing pain management, palliative care, and access to support groups. Discover exceptional care for uterine prolapse at Max Hospitals, where our expertise, cutting-edge medical advancements, and compassionate approach converge to provide a trusted choice for individuals seeking specialised Uterine Prolapse Treatment in Delhi, India.

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Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin is too tight to retract back and reveal the glans or the head of the penis. A penis has two essential parts: the shafts and the head (also known as the glans). One continuous layer of skin, known as the foreskin, covers both the shaft and glans of a penis. A tight foreskin is common in male infants who are not circumcised, but it goes away at about 3 to 6 years of age. In adults, phimosis can occur due to some kind of injury or infection.

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Prostatitis is typically a condition that involves inflammation of the prostate and sometimes the area around it.

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Radical nephrectomy is the complete removal of a kidney and some additional structures in case of various kidney tumours.

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Renal or kidney transplantation, is a surgery which involve implantation of a healthy donor kidney to a patient suffering from an end-stage renal disease (ESRD). There are two types of donors: Living Donor: Usually healthy individual has two kidneys and he can donate one kidney without any implication to his future life. If any healthy blood group matched relative of ESRD patient donate a kidney for him, it is called living kidney donation. Decease Donor: Organs taken from brain dead or sometime, cardiac death patients are used to give new life to patients suffering with end organ damage. Both kidneys of such brain death patients are used and two patients of ESRD are transplanted each kidney. Such transplantation is governed by NOTTO (National Organ & Tissue Transplant Organisation). Hospitals with transplant facilities maintain a waiting list of ESRD patients for this purpose. On the other hand, the kidney taken from a deceased donor is called a deceased donor kidney, and patients must get their names listed on the waiting list to get the chance for the transplant.

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It's a condition when semen in males enters the bladder instead of popping out through the penis during orgasm. Although one still reaches the peak of the sexual apex (orgasm) peak, ejaculation might occur with very little or no semen, which is called a Dry Orgasm. Scientifically, urine and ejaculation both pass through the urethra in males. There's a muscle near the neck of the bladder that holds urine until you're ready to urinate. During the orgasm, that same muscle shrinks (contracts) to keep ejaculate from entering the bladder, which allows it to flow through the urethra and the tip of your penis. But in Retrograde Ejaculation, this muscle fails to shrink. Because it stays relaxed and the ejaculate ends up entering the bladder only. Retrograde ejaculation is actually not harmful, but it can result in male infertility. It doesn't mean that your sperm aren't reachable; rather, infertility occurs because the sperm could not make it to the partner.

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Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord, which supplies blood to the testicle, twists, cutting off the blood flow. This condition requires immediate medical attention as it can lead to severe complications, including the loss of the testicle, if not treated promptly. Testicular torsion can occur at any age but is most common in adolescents and young adults. Types of Testicular Torsion Testicular torsion can be classified into two main types: Intravaginal torsion: Occurs when the testicle rotates within the tunica vaginalis, the surrounding sac, leading to restricted blood flow. This type is more common in adolescents. Extravaginal torsion: This typically occurs in newborns when the spermatic cord twists outside the tunica vaginalis. It is less common but more challenging to diagnose and treat due to the patient's age. Symptoms of Testicular Torsion The primary symptoms of testicular torsion include: Sudden, severe pain in one testicle Swelling of the scrotum Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain One testicle positioned higher than the other These symptoms can show up suddenly and need prompt medical attention to avoid lasting harm. Causes of Testicular Torsion Testicular torsion can occur spontaneously or be triggered by factors such as: Congenital disorders: Some individuals are born with the "bell clapper" deformity, which increases the risk of torsion. Trauma: Injury to the groin area can lead to torsion. Vigorous activity: Intense physical activities can sometimes cause the spermatic cord to twist. Cold temperature: Sudden exposure to cold can cause the testicles to retract, leading to torsion. Testicular Torsion Risk Factors Several factors may increase the risk of testicular torsion: Age: Most common in males between 12 and 18 years old. Family history: A family history of testicular torsion increases the risk. Previous torsion: Having experienced torsion previously heightens the likelihood of recurrence. Testicular Torsion Diagnosis The diagnosis typically involves: Physical examination: A doctor checks for tenderness, swelling, and the position of the testicle. Ultrasound: A torsion ultrasound is often used to assess blood flow to the testicles. Urine test: To rule out infection as the cause of pain. Testicular Torsion Complications If not treated promptly, testicular torsion can lead to severe complications, including: Testicular atrophy: Shrinking of the testicle due to lack of blood flow. Infertility: Damage to the testicle can impair sperm production. Necrosis: Death of the testicular tissue, requiring surgical removal. Testicular Torsion Treatment The primary treatment for testicular torsion is surgery, which must be performed urgently. The procedure, called detorsion and orchiopexy, involves untwisting the spermatic cord and securing the testicle to prevent future torsion. In severe cases where the testicle is already damaged, it may need to be removed. Testicular Torsion Prevention While it's not always possible to prevent testicular torsion, certain measures can reduce the risk: Awareness of symptoms: Recognising the signs and seeking prompt medical care can prevent complications. Protective gear: Wearing protective clothing during sports can reduce the risk of trauma-induced torsion. Surgical intervention: In some cases, preventive surgery (orchiopexy) may be recommended for high-risk patients. When to See a Doctor Seek immediate medical attention if you experience: Sudden, severe testicular pain Swelling of the scrotum The testicle is positioned higher than usual Prompt treatment is crucial to save the testicle and prevent complications. Outlook With timely treatment, the outlook for testicular torsion is generally positive. Most individuals recover fully with no long-term effects. However, delayed treatment can result in complications such as infertility or the need for testicle removal. Frequently Asked Questions Can testicular torsion fix itself? No, testicular torsion cannot fix itself and requires immediate medical intervention to prevent damage. How do you confirm testicular torsion? Testicular torsion is confirmed through a physical examination and imaging tests, such as a torsion ultrasound. How long does testicular torsion last? Testicular torsion symptoms persist until treated. The condition must be addressed within 6 hours to prevent permanent damage. Does testicular torsion hurt to touch? Yes, the affected testicle is often extremely tender and painful to touch. Does testicular torsion stop sperm? If untreated, testicular torsion can impair sperm production, leading to male fertility issues. Review  Reviewed By  Dr Shailesh Chandra Sahay - Director - Urology Urology, Robotic Surgery, Kidney Transplant on 23 Sept 2024.

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An umbilical hernia occurs when a section of the intestine juts out of an opening or a weak area in the abdominal muscles near the navel. A hernia occurs when a part of an organ or tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the surrounding muscle or cavity. Umbilical hernias generally occur in infants, but they can also affect adults. In most cases, an umbilical hernia goes away on its own by the age of 3 or 4 years. However, if it doesn’t go away after four years, then your doctor may recommend surgery for it. Umbilical hernias can also occur in adults due to several factors and are more common in females. If you have Pain in the body while bending, coughing or exercising, heartburn, joint pain or pain in the area between the abdomen and the thigh this could be symptoms of inguinal hernia

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Urinary retention occurs when the bladder does not empty completely or at all when urinating. Urinary retention in a patient might be acute (sudden) or chronic (long-term). Acute indicates that it appears suddenly and might be severe. Chronic urine retention indicates the patient has experienced the problem for an extended period. Acute urinary retention is a medical emergency. In this instance, the patient should see a doctor immediately. The chronic variant is more common in older men, but it can also occur in women.

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Urinary tract infection is a common infection causing pain and a burning sensation while urinating. It refers to an infection in any part of the urinary system caused by microorganisms. Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, but even fungi and viruses are responsible for the infection. Urinary tract infections can affect both men and women, but women are more prone to develop UTIs than men. When the infection involves the urethra, it is called urethritis. When it affects the kidneys, it is called pyelonephritis, which is called cystitis when infecting the bladder. Most of the time, UTIs will affect only the urethra and the bladder and become more painful and annoying if they are confined to the bladder. But when it spreads to the kidneys, the problem may become more severe. Antibiotics may help treat urinary tract infections, but it is also necessary to follow prevention steps to help lower the chance of getting a UTI. Causes of Urinary Tract Infections Bacteria: UTIs are most commonly caused by bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli (E. coli), which is found in the gut. Sexual activity: Due to the close proximity of the urethra to the anus and the introduction of bacteria during sexual activity, there is an increased risk of UTIs, especially in women. Pregnancy: Changes in hormones and the physical pressure of the growing uterus on the bladder and urinary tract can increase the likelihood of UTIs during pregnancy. Urinary catheterization: The use of urinary catheters to drain the bladder may increase the risk of UTIs, as they provide a direct pathway for bacteria to enter the urinary tract. Immune system issues: Diabetes and HIV/AIDS are two immune-system-affecting disease disorders that can make UTIs more likely. Personal hygiene: Poor hygiene habits, such as wiping from back to front after using the loo, might raise the risk of UTIs by introducing bacteria into the urinary system. Below mentioned are some of the most common reasons that lead to the increased development of UTIs: Difficulty in emptying the bladder Diabetes If you used a catheter recently If diagnosed previously with UTI Being sexually active Blockage in the urinary tract due to kidney stones or other conditions Having vesicoureteral reflux, a condition that causes a backward flow of urine from the bladder and up toward the kidneys Poor hygiene habits The following bacteria are mainly responsible for causing UTIs: Escherichia Coli or E-coli Proteus Mirabilis Enterococcus Faecalis Staphylococcus saprophyticus Klebsiella Pneumoniae Who Are Affected By Urinary Tract Infections? UTIs may affect people irrespective of age and sex, but some people have higher chances of developing the problems than others. Males, pregnant people, people with lower immunity levels, older people, people using catheters, and those with radiotherapy treatment are at higher risk of developing UTIs. Women can face this problem more than once in their lifetime. This is due to the female urethra's shorter length and closer proximity to the anus, which is where E. coli bacteria are frequently found. Older adults are at an increased risk of getting UTIs (mainly cystitis). This condition in older adults is prevalent due to the incomplete emptying of the bladder. Babies and young children are also at a higher risk of getting UTIs. Symptoms Of Urinary Tract Infection Redness and irritation in the lining of the urinary tract are general symptoms of urinary tract infections. The symptoms include: Pain in the abdomen, pelvic region, or flanks Pressure in the lower pelvis Frequent urination, the urge to urinate, and incontinence or urine leakage Painful urination or burning sensation while urination (dysuria) or bleeding during urination (haematuria) Need for peeing more often at night than usual (nocturia) Cloudy or darker urine with a strong smell A high temperature, or feeling extremely hot and also shivering A low temperature below 36 degrees Centigrade Other symptoms associated with UTIs are: Fatigue Pain in the flank (side portion of the body) Pain in the lower back Fever and chills Vomiting Changes in mood or confusion In children, the symptoms are as follows: High temperature - a child may feel hotter than usual, particularly when touched near their neck, back, or tummy areas Feels generally not well - babies and young children think irritable and don’t want to eat and be fed well Bedwetting and wetting themselves Feels sick In older people or people with urinary catheters, the UTI symptoms may be as follows: Changes in their behaviour, like acting distressed or confused (delirium) Wetting themselves (incontinence) than usual Shivering and shaking Diagnosis Of Urinary Tract Infections (UTI): The following tests may be conducted to diagnose urinary tract infections: Urinalysis examines the urine for red blood cells, white blood cells, and bacteria. The number of RBCs and WBCs found in the urine will determine the infection of the urinary tract Urine culture helps detect the bacteria present in the urine, which helps determine the proper treatment for UTIs. If the treatment does not cure the infection and recurs over time, the following tests are needed to examine the urinary tract for underlying disease or injury. Ultrasounds produce images of the internal organs created by sound waves. The test is done on the skin. Cystoscopy is a special instrument fitted with a lens and a light source that is used to see inside the bladder from the urethra. A CT Scan is a kind of X-ray that takes cross-sections of the body and is much more accurate than general X-rays. Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections General physicians would suggest antibiotics to treat UTIs. It is essential to follow the tips provided by the healthcare providers and not stop the antibiotics in between if the symptoms are reduced. Prevention Of Urinary Tract Infections Maintaining Good Hygiene: UTIs can be prevented by practising good personal hygiene. It is significant for women, as the urethra is smaller than men, and E.coli bacteria can move from the rectum and back to the body. Women must develop good hygiene habits during the menstrual cycle to avoid infections. Drinking Plenty Of Fluids: Drinking lots of fluids, especially water, can help remove bacteria from the urinary tract. Having 6 to 8 glasses of water per day is generally recommended. Changing Urination Habits: As urination plays a vital role in flushing bacteria from the body, urinating frequently will help reduce the risk of UTIs. Fluids and foods that irritate the bladder have to be avoided. Cleaning the genitals with warm water before intercourse and urinating after intercourse is a good practice to prevent infections. Changing Birth Control Methods: The use of a diaphragm by women for birth control may increase the risk of UTIs in them. So, it is better to change to other options for birth control. Changing Outfits: It is better to avoid tight-fitting dresses. This helps prevent the growth of bacteria in the urinary tract. The other ways to stop recurrent UTIs are: Wash hands thoroughly before and after touching the genitals Avoiding spermicides Wiping from front to back Use vaginal estrogens Conclusion UTIs will occur due to the bacteria that infect the urinary system and can be cured using antibiotics. Drinking fluids and maintaining good hygiene habits will help reduce urinary tract infections. Don’t ignore the symptoms, as they can be quite painful and hamper your lifestyle. Contact our Urinary tract infection(uti) doctors at Max Hospital and fix your appointment immediately. Review Reviewed by Dr. Gaurav Garg, Senior Consultant - Urology/Andrology Urology, Robotic Surgery.

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