Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endoscopy

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ that helps in food digestion. There is a difference between acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. In Acute Pancreatitis, inflammation occurs quickly, and symptoms also subside within a week, whereas, in chronic one, permanent damage occurs due to prolonged inflammation of the pancreas.

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A benign liver tumour refers to a non-cancerous growth that develops in the liver. Benign liver tumours can be classified into various types, including hemangiomas, focal nodular hyperplasia, and adenomas.  Speciality Gastroenterology Associated Anatomy Liver Types of Benign Liver Tumours There are many types of benign liver tumours, including: Hepatocellular adenoma- A type of benign liver tumour that develops from liver cells. These tumours are typically associated with the use of oral contraceptives or anabolic steroids. Focal nodular hyperplasia- A non-cancerous growth that consists of overgrown liver cells and blood vessels. This tumour is often detected incidentally during imaging studies and is typically asymptomatic. Hemangioma- A benign tumour that consists of an abnormal cluster of blood vessels. Hemangiomas are the most common type of liver tumour, and they are typically small and do not require treatment. Cysts- Fluid-filled sacs that can form in the liver. Most liver cysts are asymptomatic and do not require treatment. Symptoms of Benign Liver Tumour Many people with benign liver tumours do not experience any symptoms, and the growths are discovered incidentally during imaging for other conditions. In some cases, benign liver tumours can cause:  Discomfort or pain in the upper right abdomen Fullness or bloating A palpable mass that can be felt through the skin. Causes of Benign Liver Tumour The exact cause of benign liver tumours is unknown, but they are believed to be related to hormonal imbalances, genetics, and liver disease. Risk Factors of Benign Liver Tumour Risk factors for developing benign liver tumours include: Being female Being overweight or obese Hormonal imbalances Exposure to certain toxins Certain medical conditions include oral contraceptive use, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cirrhosis. Complications of Benign Liver Tumour While benign liver tumours are non-cancerous, they can cause complications if they grow large enough to cause discomfort or pain or start pressing on other organs. In rare cases, benign liver tumours can also become malignant. Diagnosis of Benign Liver Tumour The doctor takes the patient's and their family's medical history. Benign liver tumours are typically diagnosed through: Imaging studies, like ultrasounds, CT scans, or MRIs.  Sometimes, a biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Benign Liver Tumour Treatment Options Treatment options for benign liver tumours depend on the location, size and symptoms of the growth. In many cases, no treatment is necessary, and regular monitoring is recommended. If the tumour is causing symptoms or complications, surgery to remove the tumour may be recommended. Prevention of Benign Liver Tumour There is no known way to prevent benign liver tumours, but maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding exposure to toxins, and avoiding certain hormonal imbalances, can reduce the risk of developing growth. Prognosis for Benign Liver Tumour The prognosis for benign liver tumours is generally good, as the growths are non-cancerous and do not spread to other body parts. In most cases, people with benign liver tumours can lead healthy lives with the right management and monitoring. Frequently Asked Questions Do benign liver tumours need to be removed? Benign liver tumours do not typically spread to other parts of the body and are not considered cancerous. However, in some cases, they may still need to be removed if they are causing symptoms or if they are at risk of becoming cancerous. The decision to remove a benign liver tumour depends on the size and location, the individual's overall health, and the presence of underlying medical conditions. How long can you live with a tumour on your liver? The prognosis for individuals with a benign liver tumour will depend on several factors, including the size, location and type of the tumour, the individual's overall health, and the presence of underlying medical conditions. In some cases, a benign liver tumour may not cause any symptoms or complications and may not affect lifespan. However, in others, the tumour may cause serious health problems and may need to be surgically removed. Can benign tumours cause fatigue? Fatigue can be a symptom of many different health conditions, including liver tumours. However, it is not a specific symptom of benign liver tumours. If an individual is experiencing fatigue, it is important to speak with a doctor to determine the cause and appropriate treatment. Can a benign liver tumour grow? Yes, benign liver tumours can grow. In some cases, benign liver tumours may grow slowly over time and cause no symptoms. In others, they may grow quickly and cause serious health problems. It is important to have regular checkups to ensure that they are not causing any health problems and are not at risk of becoming cancerous. Review  Reviewed by Gastro Team on 7th May 2024.

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Dyspepsia, commonly known as indigestion, is typically perceived as a non-serious condition, marked by mild discomfort that often responds well to lifestyle adjustments and medications. While most cases of dyspepsia are easily manageable, the seriousness can vary based on different factors. At Max Hospital, we understand that even seemingly mild dyspepsia can have a significant impact on an individual's daily well-being. This is why our team of highly qualified gastroenterologists employs a comprehensive and meticulous approach to diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause of dyspepsia. From tailored medication regimens to effective lifestyle modifications and stress management tips, at Max Hospitals, Delhi, we ensure personalised and effective treatment plans to alleviate patients’ dyspepsia symptoms and improve their quality of life.

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In dysphagia, patients have a problem with swallowing that makes it very difficult to move food or drink from mouth to stomach. This Swallowing disorder is a debilitating disease, and swallowing can be difficult in several instances. Dysphagia is not an ageing-associated disease, although it is more frequent among the elderly. Swallowing issues have a variety of origins, & therapy varies depending on the underlying cause.

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An endoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used by doctors to view the internal organs of the patient’s body and diagnose the issues. To perform an endoscopic procedure, doctors use an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a camera attached to it. As the tube passes through throat or rectum, an endoscopist can view and manipulate on the internal body parts. A doctor can use endoscopy procedure to see any of the body parts, such as: Ear Gastrointestinal tract Urinary tract Respiratory tract Reproductive system

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Esophagus is a long and muscular tube that carries food, fluids, and saliva from the throat to the stomach. An esophageal cancer is caused by formation of malignant cells in the tissues of esophagus, which multiply significantly to form a mass or tumor.

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Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver, a vital organ responsible for various metabolic processes. It can be caused by viral infections, autoimmune diseases, alcohol abuse, or exposure to certain toxins. Hepatitis can be acute, lasting for a short period, or chronic, lasting for months or even years.

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An enlarged liver, medically termed hepatomegaly, occurs when the liver swells beyond its normal size. This condition can signify various underlying health issues, ranging from benign conditions like fatty liver disease to more serious diseases such as liver cancer or heart failure. Detecting the root cause of an enlarged liver is crucial for proper treatment and management. Symptoms of Hepatomegaly An enlarged liver often presents with noticeable symptoms that indicate something is wrong. Abdominal pain: Discomfort or pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, which may worsen with physical activity. Fullness and bloating: A feeling of fullness or bloating in the abdomen can sometimes lead to reduced appetite and weight loss. Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes, indicating a significant liver problem affecting bile processing. Nausea and vomiting: Persistent nausea and vomiting can accompany liver swelling and affect overall digestion. Fatigue and weakness: General fatigue and weakness, caused by the liver's impaired function, impact the body's energy levels and metabolism. Causes of Hepatomegaly Various factors can lead to liver enlargement, each requiring different approaches for diagnosis and treatment. Fatty liver disease: Accumulation of fat in the liver cells, often linked to obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Alcoholic liver disease: Chronic alcohol consumption causes liver inflammation and scarring, leading to enlargement. Hepatitis: Viral infections (like hepatitis A, B, and C) cause liver inflammation and swelling. Heart failure: Congestive heart failure leads to blood backing up into the liver, causing it to swell. Liver cancer: Malignant tumours in the liver contribute to its enlargement and associated symptoms. What Does Hepatomegaly Indicate? Hepatomegaly can indicate conditions ranging from temporary and benign issues to severe, chronic diseases. It might reflect fatty liver disease, which is common and often reversible with lifestyle changes. However, it can also point to more serious conditions such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, or liver cancer. The specific causes and associated risks vary widely, making medical evaluation essential for anyone experiencing liver enlargement. Early diagnosis and treatment impact the outcome and management of the underlying condition. Risk Factors of Hepatomegaly Several risk factors can raise the chances of having an enlarged liver. Obesity: Excess body weight contributes to fatty liver disease and subsequent liver enlargement. Alcohol consumption: Regular heavy drinking damages liver cells, leading to conditions like alcoholic hepatitis. Viral hepatitis: Exposure to hepatitis viruses through contaminated food, water, or blood increases the risk. Diabetes: Poorly managed diabetes can lead to metabolic changes that affect liver health. High cholesterol: Elevated cholesterol levels contribute to fat accumulation in the liver, causing swelling. How Is Hepatomegaly Diagnosed? Diagnosing hepatomegaly involves a series of tests and examinations to determine the underlying cause. Physical examination: Initial assessment by a doctor to check for liver enlargement through palpation. Blood tests: Tests to measure liver enzymes, bilirubin, and other markers of liver function and health. Imaging studies: Ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to visualise liver size and detect abnormalities. Liver biopsy: A sample of liver tissue may be taken to analyse the extent of liver damage or disease. Medical history: Reviewing the patient's medical history, including alcohol use, medications, and family history of liver disease. How is Hepatomegaly Treated? Treatment for an enlarged liver focuses on addressing the underlying cause and preventing further damage. Lifestyle changes: Diet modification, weight loss, and increased physical activity to reduce fatty liver disease. Medication: Antiviral drugs for hepatitis, medications to lower cholesterol, or manage diabetes. Avoiding alcohol: Complete avoidance of alcohol is necessary to prevent further liver damage in alcoholic liver disease. Surgical interventions: In cases of liver cancer or severe cirrhosis, surgery or liver transplantation may be necessary. Monitoring and support: Regular follow-ups with a healthcare provider to monitor liver health and adjust treatments as needed. When to Call the Doctor If you have ongoing symptoms like intense stomach pain, yellowing of the skin, sudden weight loss, or long-lasting tiredness, it's important to seek medical attention. Early intervention can help diagnose and manage the underlying cause of liver enlargement, improving outcomes and preventing complications. Outlook An enlarged liver, or hepatomegaly, signals various underlying health issues. Understanding the symptoms, causes, risk factors, and treatment options is important for effectively managing this condition. Early diagnosis and lifestyle modifications, along with appropriate medical interventions, can significantly improve liver health and overall well-being. If you suspect liver enlargement, consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and treatment. Frequently Asked Questions Is mild hepatomegaly serious? Mild hepatomegaly may not be immediately serious but indicates an underlying issue that requires medical evaluation. Early detection and treatment can prevent the progression of more severe liver disease. Can an enlarged liver be cured? The possibility of curing an enlarged liver depends on its cause. Conditions like fatty liver disease can be reversed with lifestyle changes, while other causes may require ongoing management. How can I reduce my fatty liver? Reducing fatty liver involves lifestyle changes: adopting a healthy diet, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding alcohol. These steps can significantly improve liver health. Is milk good for hepatomegaly? Milk can be consumed in moderation, but it's essential to choose low-fat or non-fat options to avoid excess saturated fat, which can exacerbate liver conditions. Can an enlarged liver be harmless? An enlarged liver can be harmless if reversible conditions like a mild fatty liver cause it. However, a medical evaluation is required to rule out serious underlying causes. Review  Reviewed By Dr Piyush Gupta - Senior Consultant Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endoscopy on 28 Aug 2024.

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At Max Hospital, we recognize the profound impact of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) on individuals' lives, both physically and emotionally. With a dedicated team of experienced gastroenterologists, specialised nurses, and support staff, we prioritise your well-being and dignity throughout your journey with IBD. Employing cutting-edge technology and evidence-based medical approaches, we tailor personalised treatment plans to alleviate symptoms and proactively manage the condition to enhance your quality of life and prevent disease progression. Our commitment to comprehensive care and innovative therapeutic strategies underscores our reputation as a leading centre for IBD treatment in Delhi, empowering patients to regain control over their health and confidently embrace life.

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder that affects the large intestine. A mix of symptoms such as abdominal discomfort, bloating, and alterations in bowel movements identify Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Managing IBS involves long-term care due to its chronic nature. Types of Irritable Bowel Syndrome IBS can be classified into three main types based on the predominant symptoms: IBS with Constipation (IBS-C): This type is characterised by hard or lumpy stools and infrequent bowel movements. IBS with Diarrhea (IBS-D): This type involves frequent, loose, or watery stools. Mixed IBS (IBS-M): This type includes both constipation and diarrhea. What Causes Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)? The specific cause of IBS is not fully known, but it is believed that several factors may contribute to its development: Gut-brain interaction: Abnormal communication between the brain and the gut can affect bowel movements and cause IBS symptoms. Gut motility issues: Problems with the muscles in the intestines can lead to faster or slower food transit, causing diarrhea or constipation. Hypersensitivity: People with IBS may have an increased sensitivity to pain in the digestive tract. Infections: Gastrointestinal infections can trigger IBS in some individuals. Microbiome imbalance: An imbalance in the gut bacteria can contribute to IBS symptoms. Stress: Emotional stress can worsen IBS symptoms. Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome IBS symptoms can vary widely among individuals but commonly include: Abdominal pain or cramping Bloating and gas Diarrhea, constipation, or alternating between the two Mucus in the stool Urgency to have a bowel movement Risk Factors for Irritable Bowel Syndrome Several factors may increase the risk of developing IBS, including: Age and gender: IBS is more common in individuals under 50 and affects women more often than men. Family history: A family history of IBS may increase the risk. Mental health issues: IBS is associated with anxiety, depression, and various other mental health disorders. Gastrointestinal infections: Previous severe infections can increase the likelihood of developing IBS. Complications of Irritable Bowel Syndrome While IBS itself does not lead to serious conditions like cancer, it can significantly impact the quality of life: Chronic pain and discomfort: Ongoing symptoms can lead to chronic pain and discomfort. Psychological impact: Coping with symptoms can impact mental well-being due to the stress and anxiety involved. Nutritional deficiencies: Dietary restrictions and changes can result in nutritional deficiencies. Social and work implications: IBS can affect social interactions and productivity at work due to frequent bathroom trips and discomfort. How is Irritable Bowel Syndrome Diagnosed? The diagnosis of IBS requires a comprehensive evaluation of medical history, physical assessment, and various tests to eliminate alternative conditions: Symptom criteria: Doctors often use the Rome IV criteria, which include recurrent abdominal pain at least one day per week in the last three months, associated with changes in stool frequency or form. Medical history: A thorough medical history helps identify symptom patterns and triggers. Physical examination: A physical exam can rule out other conditions. Diagnostic tests: Blood tests, stool tests, and colonoscopy may be performed to exclude other diseases. Management and Treatment Managing IBS involves a combination of dietary changes, medications, and lifestyle modifications: Dietary changes: Identifying and avoiding trigger foods, such as those high in FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols), can help manage symptoms. Increasing fibre intake and staying hydrated are also beneficial. Medications: Depending on the type of IBS, doctors may prescribe antispasmodics, laxatives, antidiarrheals, or antidepressants. Probiotics: Supplements containing beneficial bacteria can help balance gut flora. Stress management: Practicing mindfulness, meditation, and regular physical activity effectively decreases stress levels and improves symptoms. Prevention Strategies While IBS cannot be completely prevented, certain strategies can help manage and reduce symptoms: Healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in fibre, staying hydrated, and avoiding trigger foods can help. Regular exercise: Physical activity can improve bowel function and reduce stress. Stress reduction: Practicing stress management techniques can prevent symptom flare-ups. Regular medical checkups: Keeping regular appointments with a healthcare provider ensures timely management of symptoms. Outlook Due to its chronic nature, managing IBS is an ongoing necessity. Although it has the potential to impact one's quality of life, most individuals can manage their symptoms through lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, and medical interventions. With proper management, individuals with IBS can lead active and fulfilling lives. Frequently Asked Questions How long does IBS last? IBS is a chronic condition that lasts for years, often lifelong. Symptoms can vary in intensity over time. Can IBS naturally go away? While IBS symptoms can improve with lifestyle changes and management, the condition itself is chronic and does not completely go away. What foods trigger IBS? Fatty foods, dairy, caffeine, alcohol, and foods high in FODMAPs are common trigger foods. Identifying personal triggers is crucial. Can a blood test detect IBS? No, IBS cannot be diagnosed with a blood test. However, blood tests can help rule out other conditions with similar symptoms. How do doctors confirm if you have IBS? Doctors confirm IBS using a combination of symptom criteria, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Review  Reviewed By Dr. Piyush Gupta, Senior Consultant - Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endoscopy on 1 August 2024.

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Melena is a symptom indicating a disease in the upper GI tract, characterised by noxious-smelling, muddy stools. Melena occurs due to the accumulation of blood in the gastrointestinal lumen. Bacteria in the intestines break down blood stool into black colour compounds called hematin Black stools could also be caused by consuming blueberries, black liquorice, or blood sausage and taking iron tablets, activated charcoal, and bismuth medications like Kaopectate (extra strength). One can have dark red stools due to beets and meals containing red colour. In these circumstances, a physician ordered a chemical test to rule out the existence of blood in the stool Melena can also occur due to gastrointestinal bleeding, gastritis, peptic ulcers, and other upper GI tract conditions

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Peptic ulcers, characterised by painful sores that develop along the stomach or duodenal lining, can significantly disrupt one's daily routine and quality of life. Left untreated, these ulcers can lead to severe complications. At Max Hospitals, we recognize the gravity of this condition and the importance of prompt and effective treatment. With a dedicated team of experienced gastroenterologists, we are committed to providing comprehensive care tailored to each patient's unique needs. Through advanced diagnostic methods and personalised treatment plans, we strive to alleviate discomfort, promote healing, and restore optimal health.

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Proctalgia Fugax is known to be a condition when someone feels a sudden pain in the rectal area. This is a common syndrome and widely noticed among both males and females of all socioeconomic statuses. However, some studies show the predominance of this disorder among females and patients under the age of 45 years. The pain can be mild to severe and can last from a few seconds to minutes. Proctalgia Fugax falls under the category of disorders that distress the working of the intestine and stomach. As per the studies, surgeries such as bladder or prostate mostly widen the chances of proctalgia fugax. Due to the majority of small case series and anecdotal reports, data concerning this condition is inadequate. Symptoms The main characteristic of proctalgia fugax is pain in the rectal area. Patients often face stereotypical episodes; however, all the symptoms may not be identical among the patients. It has been seen that this syndrome occurs deprived of warning. Most patients define the pain as stabbing, cramping, and sharp in nature. Patients are also known for having nocturnal experiences, as the sharp pain often makes them awake suddenly in the night. Some major symptoms of Proctalgia fugax are categorised below: Muscle spasm is one of the most common symptoms which may occur around the rectum(lower) area or a patient might feel pain directly in the rectum. Sudden sharp pain without any prior warning is another incident that indicates proctalgia fugax. In the case of proctalgia fugax, the duration of pain generally lasts for a few seconds only. However, studies also show in some cases, pain can last up to 20-30 minutes as well. Patients dealing with these episodes often face limitations in their other activities, and it also keeps them home for a certain duration. However, the pain often goes away with time. Studies also show that the duration of the pain can be as long as 1-3 months. The majority of the cases occur during the night. However, it can occur in the daytime also. Causes To date, no such assured triggers have been declared that cause the proctalgia fugax. A study back in 2005 stated that the pudendal nerve can be the primary reason for this. Treating haemorrhoids with injections might stimulate the chances of proctalgia fugax. Besides that, vaginal hysterectomy is also known to stimulate the condition. Some other possible triggers are mentioned below: Sexual activities Menstruation Constipation Stress Defecation Those above-mentioned triggers are not completely identical among the patients. Some patients might escape those mentioned triggers during these episodes. Diagnosis In most cases, after ruling out all of the possible causes of anal spasms and pain, the doctor diagnoses the patient with proctalgia fugax. Doctors might adhere to a few steps while conducting a diagnosis, which are listed below: Physical examination History of symptoms, such as the severity of the pain and the duration Presence of other syndromes such as fissures, abscesses, haemorrhoids, etc As per the history of the symptoms and ruling out other possible causes, the doctor may declare this as proctalgia fugax. Patients should keep proper track of the pain severity and duration of the pain to ensure proper diagnosis. A doctor may also look for tenderness or spots in the rectum area. Treatment While treating the proctalgia fugax, several treatment options are apparent. In most cases, the symptoms often go away with time, and the treatment procedure is redirected towards supervising the symptoms. Several methods are discussed below, which may ease the suffering of the patients. Stool softeners Fibre supplement High-fibre food intake Lots of water Laxatives Home treatment Diet can be imperative while dealing with such a situation. Consuming a high-fibre diet and staying hydrated may ease stool passing. It's recommended to have a well-balanced diet regularly. Besides that, taking a warm bath might help patients during severe pain. It also may ease the anal sphincter by reducing the pain accompanying the disorder. Relaxation techniques Techniques such as yoga, meditation, and deep breathing can also be helpful for the patients. Electrical stimulation The biofeedback treatment is conducted by using a tiny probe, which works as an electric stimulator and is inserted inside the anus. This might help in lessening the pain and spasms in the rectum area. When to see a doctor? In case of bleeding in the rectum, one should consult a doctor If the pain doesn't go away with time. In case the patient develops fever due to severe pain and spasms. Complications Proctalgia fugax doesn't carry a precise cause. However, some medical conditions can be seen at the same time. Constipation is one of those conditions. Studies also show that patients with proctalgia fugax often develop stress, anxiety, and depression. In other cases, patients with the worst symptoms might develop abscesses and anal fissures as well.

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Steatorrhea, also known as fatty stool, occurs due to excessive fat in the stool. Stools or faeces include a variety of nutrients that have not been digested properly. In the case of steatorrhea, stool appears bulky due to the presence of excess fat and also smells foul. The food we fail to absorb or digest is known to be the reason for this syndrome. Sudden changes in food habits can stimulate the chances of temporary steatorrhea that go away with time. In the other scenarios, the intestine, biliary tract, and pancreatic diseases can also trigger the chances of steatorrhea. In most cases, a patient might not need any medical help. On the contrary, if the condition doesn't improve within a couple of weeks, one should seek medical attention.

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