Lung Cancer Metastasis Treatment in Delhi, India

Lung metastasis, also known as metastatic lung cancer, is a medical condition where cancer cells from a tumour in another body part, such as the breast, colon, or prostate, spread to the lungs. These secondary tumours in the lungs are referred to as metastatic tumours, and they share the characteristics of the original (primary) cancer, not the characteristics of the lung tissue. This condition is different from primary lung cancer, where cancer originates in the lung itself.

The symptoms of lung metastasis can vary depending on factors such as the number and location of the metastatic tumours within the lungs, the type of cancer, and an individual's overall health. Common symptoms of lung metastasis may include:

• Cough: A persistent or chronic cough that may produce mucus or blood.
• Shortness of Breath: Difficulty in breathing, which can be caused by the presence of tumours in the lung tissue.
• Chest Pain: Discomfort or pain in the chest, often due to the pressure exerted by the metastatic tumours on surrounding tissues.
• Wheezing: Audible wheezing or whistling sounds when breathing, which can result from airway obstruction.
• Coughing Up Blood: Hemoptysis, or coughing up blood, can be a concerning symptom and should be promptly evaluated by a healthcare provider.
• Frequent Respiratory Infections: Recurrent chest infections or pneumonia due to the lung's compromised ability to clear infections.
• Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant and unintentional weight loss without a clear cause.

Note: In some cases, lung metastasis may be asymptomatic, especially in its early stages.

The diagnosis of lung metastasis typically involves a combination of imaging tests, medical history review, physical examinations, and sometimes biopsy procedures. These are not only used to detect the presence of lung metastases, but also to develop a treatment plan and monitor cancer-related changes in the body.

Here are the primary methods used for diagnosing lung metastasis:

Medical History and Physical Examination

Healthcare professionals start by taking a detailed medical history, including any past cancer diagnoses or ongoing treatments. A comprehensive physical examination is performed to assess symptoms, such as persistent cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, or unexplained weight loss, which might suggest lung metastasis.

Imaging Tests

Imaging tests are integral to diagnosing lung metastases. When there is suspicion of lung cancer metastasis, individuals typically undergo one or more imaging tests. These tests include:

• Chest X-ray: Usually the initial diagnostic tool for symptoms like cough and shortness of breath. It helps identify lung tumours.
• CT Scan of the Chest: Offers detailed images of lung tumours, including size and location, surpassing what a chest X-ray can provide. It can also detect cancer in nearby lymph nodes.
• PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography): This test may be performed to ascertain whether lung tumours are malignant or benign.

Blood Tests

Tumour marker blood tests, typically used in conjunction with other diagnostic methods, provide supportive information and also help determine the possibility of lung metastasis.

Tumour markers are substances produced by cancer cells or by normal cells in response to cancer. Elevated levels of specific tumour markers in the blood may suggest the presence of cancer, but they are not definitive proof of lung metastases.

Some tumour markers associated with certain types of cancer that can metastasize to the lungs include:

• Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA): Elevated levels of CEA can be associated with various cancers, such as colorectal cancer, but it's not specific to lung metastases.
• CA-125: Elevated CA-125 levels are often associated with ovarian cancer, but this marker alone is not diagnostic for lung metastases.
• AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) and Beta-hCG: Elevated levels of these markers are associated with certain testicular cancers that might metastasize to the lungs.

While these tumour markers can be measured through blood tests, their elevation may indicate the need for further investigations, such as imaging tests (CT scan, PET scan) or biopsies, to confirm the presence of lung metastases. 

Bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy is a diagnostic procedure used to examine bronchi (large airways of the lungs), the trachea (windpipe), and lungs using an endoscope. It is commonly performed when there is a need to investigate the cause of symptoms such as coughing up blood.

Note: During a bronchoscopy, a biopsy may also be conducted to collect tissue samples for further examination.

Biopsy

Biopsy is a diagnostic technique employed to extract cellular or tissue samples for microscopic evaluation. Typically carried out when imaging tests reveal lung tumours, biopsy can be performed by either using an endoscope or through a surgical procedure, in which a tissue sample is obtained directly from the lung for analysis.

Other Tests

In cases where lung metastases are detected before the primary cancer source is identified, additional tests may be ordered to determine the origin of the cancer. Furthermore, tests may be employed to assess the presence of metastatic cancer in other parts of the body. These supplementary tests include:

• Mammography: Utilised to screen for breast cancer.
• Abdomen and pelvis CT Scan: Conducted to check for colorectal cancer and liver metastases.
• Mediastinoscopy: Performed to examine lymph nodes in the mediastinum (the middle of the chest).
• Ultrasound: Employed to detect testicular cancer.

The treatment of lung metastasis typically involves a comprehensive approach, considering the primary cancer site, the number and size of metastatic tumours, the patient's overall health, and other factors. Treatment options for lung metastasis may include:

• Surgery: Surgical removal of lung metastases, especially if they are isolated and the patient is a suitable candidate. In some cases, this can be curative.
• Radiation Therapy: Targeted radiation is used to destroy or shrink metastatic tumours in the lungs. This can be particularly effective for small or isolated tumours.
• Chemotherapy: Systemic chemotherapy is the use of medicines to kill cancer cells throughout the body. It's often employed when metastatic tumours are widespread or too numerous for surgical intervention.
• Targeted Therapy: Some lung metastases may be treated with targeted therapies that focus on specific genetic or molecular abnormalities in the cancer cells. These treatments are tailored to the individual's tumour profile.
• Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy drugs help boost the body's immune system to identify and attack cancer cells. They have shown promise in treating certain types of lung metastases.
• Palliative Care: In cases where the metastases are advanced and cannot be completely cured, palliative care is provided to manage symptoms and improve the patient's quality of life.
• Supportive Care: Supportive measures, including pain management, are essential in helping patients cope with the side effects of treatment and improve their overall well-being.

The choice of treatment depends on the specific characteristics of the lung metastases, the primary cancer type, and the patient's overall health. Treatment plans are typically developed through a collaborative effort involving oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists, and other specialists to provide the most effective and tailored care for the patient. It's crucial for individuals with lung metastases to discuss their treatment options thoroughly with their healthcare team to make informed decisions about their care.

If you or a loved one suspect or has been diagnosed with lung cancer or potential lung metastases, seek specialised medical attention for comprehensive evaluation and tailored treatment. Max Hospitals, known for deep expertise in oncology and cutting-edge diagnostic capabilities, has a dedicated team of lung cancer specialists, committed to delivering personalised care. Book an appointment with a lung cancer specialist at Max Hospitals and ensure access to advanced diagnostics, innovative treatments, and a compassionate approach to treatment. Your health and well-being deserve the highest level of expertise and care.

Q.  How to prevent Lung Metastasis?

To prevent lung metastasis, focus on reducing the risk of primary cancer, which would include:

• Regular Screening: Regular screenings for primary cancer.
• Healthy Lifestyle: Maintain a balanced diet, exercise, avoid tobacco and alcohol.
• Protective Measures: Minimise exposure to carcinogens.
• Genetic Counselling: Assess genetic risk factors.

Also, reducing primary cancer risks helps prevent lung metastasis.

Q. Where does Lung Metastasis spread to?

Metastatic lung cancer can extend to different areas in the body through multiple routes. It can grow into nearby healthy tissues, like the lung's lining and neighbouring lobes, referred to as local metastasis. Alternatively, cancer cells can infiltrate the lymph nodes and journey through the lymphatic system to distant sites in the body, known as distant metastasis.

Q. How effective is Hormone Therapy in treating Lung Metastasis?

Hormone therapy is typically not the primary treatment for lung metastasis, as it's mainly used in hormone-dependent cancers like breast and prostate cancer. Lung metastasis, however, often involves cancer cells from other primary sites, and treatment depends on the characteristics of the primary cancer. In rare cases, lung metastases from hormone-dependent cancers, such as breast or prostate cancer, may respond to hormone therapy if hormone receptors are present. It can be considered as part of the treatment plan, but is not usually the sole or primary approach for lung metastasis.

Q. What can individuals expect for their long-term prognosis when dealing with Lung Metastases?

The long-term outlook is influenced by factors such as the size and location of the primary tumour and the extent of cancer spread. While some lung metastases from specific primary cancers can be effectively treated with chemotherapy, others, such as those originating in the kidney, colon, or bladder, may occasionally be surgically removed. In most instances, metastatic cancer cannot be completely cured. However, available treatments can extend life and enhance the quality of life, providing hope for individuals facing this challenging situation.

Q. Is Lung Metastasis curable?

In most cases where cancer has metastasized to the lungs, achieving a complete cure is improbable. However, the prognosis varies depending on the primary cancer type. In certain situations, individuals may experience survival beyond 5 years even with lung metastases.

Q. What complications can arise from metastatic lung tumours?

Complications arising from metastatic lung tumours can encompass pleural effusion, characterised by the accumulation of fluid between the lung and chest wall, which may result in symptoms such as breathlessness and discomfort while taking deep breaths. Furthermore, these tumours can continue to spread, extending their presence to other regions of the body.

Q. How is the most suitable treatment for Lung Metastasis determined at Max Hospital?

The choice of treatment for lung metastasis at Max Hospital depends on various factors, including the primary cancer type, the extent of metastatic tumours, and the patient's overall health. A team of specialists assesses these specific characteristics and individual circumstances to provide the most effective and personalised care.

Q. What makes Max Hospital one of the best cancer hospitals in India for treating Lung Metastasis?

Max Hospital stands out as a leading healthcare institution for lung metastasis treatment due to its holistic approach to patient care. Max Hospital boasts a team of highly experienced and proficient oncologists and thoracic surgeons who specialise in the diagnosis and management of lung metastasis. Our expertise, coupled with access to cutting-edge technology and state-of-the-art facilities, ensures that patients receive the highest standard of care.

Reviewed by Dr. Devavrat Arya, Senior Director - Cancer Care / Oncology, Musculoskeletal Oncology, Medical Oncology, Thoracic Oncology, Head & Neck Oncology, Breast Cancer, Molecular Oncology & Cancer Genetics on 22 Jan 2024.

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