Viral Gastroenteritis: All You Need to Know

Living with viral gastroenteritis, also known as the stomach flu, can be overwhelming, especially when sudden nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea disrupt your daily routine and make even the simplest tasks seem daunting. This common but incapacitating illness can quickly turn an ordinary day into an uphill climb. That’s why it is important to know the signs and symptoms of this disorder so that remedial measures can be taken at the least. To help, in this article, we’ll cover the signs of viral gastroenteritis, offer tips for relieving symptoms, provide advice on preventing its spread, and more. With the right information and care, you can get back on your feet quickly and keep your stomach, and your life, on track. Let’s start by understanding the basics. 

What is Viral Gastroenteritis?

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, which can be caused by various viruses. While viral gastroenteritis is often referred to as "stomach flu", it is not related to the influenza virus. Most cases of gastroenteritis stomach flu are mild and resolve on their own within a few days. That said, it is important for those affected to stay hydrated during recovery, especially vulnerable groups such as young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems.

What Causes Viral Gastroenteritis?

Viral gastroenteritis/ gastroenteritis stomach flu can be caused by several types of viruses that infect the stomach and intestines. The most common viruses that cause viral gastroenteritis are:

• Norovirus: Often associated with outbreaks on cruise ships, in restaurants, and other communal settings, norovirus is highly contagious and can spread rapidly through contaminated food, water, or surfaces.
• Rotavirus: A leading cause of gastroenteritis in infants and young children, rotavirus spreads through contaminated hands, surfaces, and food. Vaccines are available and effective in preventing severe cases.
• Adenovirus: This virus can cause gastroenteritis in people of all ages, often spreading through close contact or contaminated surfaces.
• Astrovirus: Common in young children, astrovirus spreads through contaminated food or water and is generally less severe than other types of viral gastroenteritis.

These viruses are transmitted through faecal-oral contact, meaning they enter the body through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or by touching surfaces or hands that have been contaminated with the virus. Proper hygiene and food handling practices, therefore, are crucial in preventing the spread of these viruses.

What are the Stages of Viral Gastroenteritis?

Viral gastroenteritis generally progresses through several stages:

1. Incubation Period: This is the time between exposure to the virus and the onset of symptoms. It typically lasts from 1 to 3 days, depending on the specific virus involved.
2. Onset of Symptoms: Symptoms often begin suddenly and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and sometimes fever. This acute phase is characterised by the rapid onset of these discomforting symptoms.
3. Acute Phase: This stage is marked by the peak of symptoms, including frequent vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal cramps. The body is actively fighting off the virus, and individuals may experience significant discomfort and dehydration.
4. Recovery Phase: As the body starts to clear the virus, symptoms gradually lessen. Vomiting and diarrhoea become less frequent, and abdominal pain subsides. Recovery typically involves staying hydrated and resting.
5. Post-Recovery: Some individuals may still feel fatigued or have mild digestive upset even after the main symptoms have resolved. This phase involves returning to a normal diet and activity level, but care should be taken to avoid relapses or complications.

Throughout these stages, managing symptoms and maintaining hydration are crucial to aid recovery and prevent complications. If symptoms persist or worsen, seeking medical advice is important.

What are the Symptoms of Viral Gastroenteritis?

The symptoms of gastro stomach flu can vary in severity but generally include:

• Nausea: An upset stomach and feeling the need to vomit.
• Vomiting: Frequent throwing up of stomach contents.
• Diarrhoea: Loose or watery stools, which may be frequent and accompanied by urgency.
• Abdominal Pain: Cramping or discomfort in the stomach area.
• Fever: A mild to moderate increase in body temperature, though not always present.
• Headache: Pain or discomfort in the head.
• Muscle Aches: General body aches or fatigue.
• Dehydration: Signs include dry mouth, dark urine, dizziness, and reduced urine output.

Note: These symptoms typically develop within 1 to 3 days after exposure to the virus and can last from a few days to a week. If symptoms are severe or persistent, particularly in young children, the elderly, or individuals with underlying health conditions, medical attention should be sought to prevent complications.

How does Stomach Viral Gastroenteritis Spread?

Stomach viral gastroenteritis spreads through a variety of ways, such as:

• Contaminated Food and Water: Consuming food or water that has been contaminated with the virus, often due to improper handling or poor hygiene, can lead to infection.
• Direct Contact with Infected Individuals: Close contact with someone who is infected, particularly if they have not washed their hands after using the toilet or vomiting, can spread the virus.
• Contaminated Surfaces: Touching surfaces or objects that have been contaminated with the virus and then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes can result in infection. The virus can survive on surfaces for hours.
• Airborne Particles: In some cases, tiny droplets containing the virus can become airborne when an infected person vomits, which can be inhaled by others nearby.
• Person-to-Person Contact:Shaking hands or other direct physical contact with an infected person can also facilitate the spread of the virus. 

How is Viral Gastroenteritis Diagnosed?

Viral gastroenteritis is typically diagnosed based on a combination of a patient’s symptoms, medical history, and a physical examination. Here’s how the diagnosis process usually works:

• Symptom Assessment: The doctor will ask the patient about the symptoms, such as diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea, abdominal cramps, and fever. The sudden onset of these symptoms, particularly in the context of recent exposure to others with similar symptoms, often points to gastroenteritis and stomach flu.
• Medical History: The doctor will take a detailed medical history, including recent travel, contact with sick individuals, and any known outbreaks of gastroenteritis stomach flu in the community. They may also inquire about your diet and whether you've consumed any potentially contaminated food or water.
• Physical Examination: A physical exam might be conducted to check for signs of dehydration, such as dry mouth, decreased skin elasticity, and rapid heartbeat. The doctor may also feel your abdomen to check for tenderness or bloating.
• Laboratory Tests (if necessary): In most cases, viral gastroenteritis is diagnosed based on symptoms alone. However, if the diagnosis is uncertain or if the symptoms are severe, a stool sample may be tested to rule out bacterial or parasitic infections. Blood tests may also be conducted to check for dehydration or to rule out other causes of the symptoms.
• Exclusion of Other Conditions: The doctor may consider other possible causes of your symptoms, such as food poisoning, irritable bowel syndrome, or other gastrointestinal disorders, to ensure that viral gastroenteritis is the correct diagnosis.

What are the Complications of Viral Gastroenteritis?

While viral gastroenteritis is usually a mild and self-limiting illness, it can lead to complications, particularly in vulnerable groups such as young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. The most common and concerning complications include:

• Dehydration: The loss of fluids through diarrhoea and vomiting can lead to dehydration, which can be serious if not managed properly. Symptoms of dehydration include dry mouth, excessive thirst, reduced urine output, dizziness, and in severe cases, confusion or unconsciousness.
• Electrolyte Imbalance: Along with fluids, essential electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and chloride are lost during episodes of diarrhoea and vomiting. This imbalance can cause muscle cramps, weakness, irregular heart rhythms, and other complications.
• Malnutrition: In severe or prolonged cases, particularly in children and the elderly, viral gastroenteritis can lead to malnutrition due to the inability to absorb nutrients effectively or because of a reduced appetite.
• Secondary Infections: Although rare, individuals with weakened immune systems may be at risk of secondary bacterial infections due to the disruption of the gut’s natural flora.
• Exacerbation of Pre-existing Conditions: For people with chronic illnesses, such as diabetes or kidney disease, the stress of viral gastroenteritis can exacerbate their underlying condition, leading to more severe health issues.
• Severe Dehydration Leading to Hospitalisation: In extreme cases, especially in vulnerable populations, severe dehydration may require hospitalisation for intravenous fluids and more intensive care.

How is Viral Gastroenteritis Treated?

The treatment for viral gastroenteritis primarily focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications, as the illness is typically self-limiting and resolves on its own within a few days. Here are the main approaches to managing viral gastroenteritis:

• Hydration: The most important aspect of treatment is staying hydrated. Because vomiting and diarrhoea can lead to significant fluid loss, it's essential to replace these fluids. Drinking water, oral rehydration solutions (ORS), or clear broths can help maintain fluid balance. For young children and infants, ORS is particularly recommended as it contains the right balance of salts and sugars to aid in rehydration.
• Rest: Getting plenty of rest allows your body to fight off the infection and recover more quickly. Resting also helps conserve energy, which is important when your body is trying to heal.
• Diet: Once vomiting subsides, it's advisable to start with bland, easy-to-digest foods such as bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast (often referred to as the BRAT diet). Gradually reintroducing regular foods as tolerated is generally recommended. It's best to avoid dairy products, caffeine, alcohol, and spicy or fatty foods until you have fully recovered.
• Medications: In most cases, medications are not necessary for treating viral gastroenteritis. However, over-the-counter medications like paracetamol (acetaminophen) can be used to reduce fever and relieve aches and pains. Antidiarrheal medications are generally not recommended for viral gastroenteritis, especially in children, as they can prolong the infection.
• Probiotics: Some evidence suggests that probiotics, which are beneficial bacteria, may help reduce the duration of diarrhoea in viral gastroenteritis. These can be taken in supplement form or through probiotic-rich foods like yoghurt, but it’s best to consult a healthcare provider before using them, especially for children.
• Monitoring for Complications: It’s important to monitor for signs of dehydration, especially in young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. Symptoms like dry mouth, decreased urination, dizziness, or lethargy may indicate the need for medical attention. In severe cases, hospitalisation for intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Since viral gastroenteritis/stomach flu is caused by a virus, antibiotics are not effective and should not be used. 

What are the Home Remedies for Viral Gastroenteritis?

Home remedies for viral gastroenteritis can help ease symptoms and support recovery while your body fights off the infection. Here are some effective home remedies:

• Stay Hydrated: The most crucial aspect of managing viral gastroenteritis at home is to stay hydrated. Drink plenty of fluids like water, herbal teas, clear broths, or oral rehydration solutions (ORS) to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. Small, frequent sips are often better tolerated than large amounts at once, especially if you're feeling nauseous.
• Ginger: Ginger is known for its anti-nausea properties and can be soothing for an upset stomach. You can sip on ginger tea or chew on a small piece of fresh ginger. Ginger ale can also be helpful, but make sure it’s made with real ginger and not just artificial flavours.
• Peppermint: Peppermint tea or sucking on peppermint candies can help soothe stomach cramps and reduce nausea. Peppermint has natural antispasmodic properties that can relax the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
• BRAT Diet: Once you’re able to eat, starting with bland foods is key. The BRAT diet—bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast—is often recommended because these foods are easy to digest and can help firm up stools. As your condition improves, you can gradually reintroduce other foods.
• Chamomile Tea: Chamomile tea has anti-inflammatory and calming properties, making it a good option for soothing an upset stomach and promoting relaxation. It can also help with mild dehydration.
• Apple Cider Vinegar: Some people find relief by mixing a tablespoon of apple cider vinegar in a glass of water and drinking it before meals. This may help balance stomach acidity and reduce symptoms, though it’s best to consult a healthcare provider before trying this, especially for children.
• Probiotics: Consuming probiotics, such as those found in yoghurt or kefir, can help restore the balance of good bacteria in the gut, potentially reducing the duration of diarrhoea. You can also take probiotic supplements, but it’s advisable to consult a healthcare provider first.
• Rest: Rest is vital for recovery. Ensure you get plenty of sleep and avoid overexerting yourself while your body fights off the infection.
• Avoid Irritants: While recovering, avoid foods and drinks that can irritate your stomach, such as caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, dairy products, and fatty or fried foods.
• Warm Compress: Applying a warm compress or heating pad to your abdomen can help relieve stomach cramps and discomfort.

These home remedies can help manage symptoms and support recovery from viral gastroenteritis/gastro stomach flu. However, it’s important to seek medical advice if symptoms are severe, if you’re unable to keep fluids down, or if you notice signs of dehydration, especially in young children, the elderly, or individuals with chronic health conditions.

How can you Prevent Viral Gastroenteritis?

Preventing viral gastroenteritis involves taking steps to avoid exposure to the viruses that cause the infection and practising good hygiene. Here are some key measures to help prevent the spread of viral gastroenteritis:

• Frequent Handwashing: Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, especially before eating, after using the toilet, and after changing nappies. Handwashing is the most effective way to prevent the spread of viruses.
• Use Hand Sanitiser: If soap and water aren’t available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitiser that contains at least 60% alcohol. However, handwashing is more effective, especially if your hands are visibly dirty.
• Proper Food Handling: Ensure food is cooked thoroughly, particularly meat and seafood, and avoid eating raw or undercooked foods. Wash fruits and vegetables well before eating, and keep raw and cooked foods separate to prevent cross-contamination.
• Drink Safe Water: If you’re travelling to areas where the water quality is questionable, drink bottled or boiled water. Avoid ice cubes and foods washed in local water that may be contaminated.
• Disinfect Surfaces: Regularly clean and disinfect surfaces that are frequently touched, such as kitchen counters, bathroom surfaces, doorknobs, and light switches. If someone in your household is sick, pay extra attention to disinfecting these areas to prevent the virus from spreading.
• Avoid Close Contact with Infected Individuals: If someone in your household or workplace has viral gastroenteritis, try to avoid close contact until they have fully recovered. If contact is unavoidable, take extra precautions with hand hygiene and avoid sharing personal items like towels or utensils.
• Stay Home When Sick: If you or your child are experiencing symptoms of viral gastroenteritis, it’s important to stay home to avoid spreading the infection to others. This is particularly important for children in daycare or school settings and for those who work in food service or healthcare.
• Vaccination: In some countries, a vaccine is available for rotavirus, a common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children. Vaccinating infants can significantly reduce the risk of severe gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus.
• Use Proper Hygiene in Childcare Settings: If you work in or use childcare services, ensure that caregivers practise good hygiene, including frequent handwashing and disinfecting toys and surfaces. Children who are sick should stay home to prevent the spread of the virus to other children.
• Avoid Risky Foods and Drinks While Travelling: When travelling, especially to areas where food and water safety are a concern, avoid raw or undercooked foods, unpasteurised dairy products, and street food. Stick to bottled or boiled water and avoid ice.

By following these preventive measures, one can significantly reduce the risk of contracting or spreading viral gastroenteritis.

When to Consult a Doctor?

It’s important to consult a doctor if you experience any of the following situations related to viral gastroenteritis/stomach flu:

• Severe Dehydration: If you notice signs of severe dehydration, such as dry mouth, decreased urine output, dark-coloured urine, dizziness, light-headedness, or confusion, seek medical attention immediately. Dehydration can be serious and may require intravenous fluids.
• Persistent or Severe Symptoms: If symptoms such as diarrhoea, vomiting, or abdominal pain persist for more than a few days, or if they are particularly severe, it's advisable to consult a doctor. Prolonged symptoms could indicate a more serious condition or the need for specific treatment.
• Blood in Stool or Vomit: If you see blood in your stool or vomit, or if your stools are black and tarry, it’s important to seek medical advice. This could be a sign of a more serious issue, such as a gastrointestinal bleed.
• High Fever: A high fever, especially if it persists or is accompanied by severe abdominal pain, warrants medical consultation. Fever is less common with viral gastroenteritis but can occur, particularly in children.
• Signs of Complications: If you experience symptoms that suggest complications, such as persistent vomiting preventing you from keeping fluids down, severe abdominal pain, or if you’re unable to eat or drink, seek medical help.
• Vulnerable Populations: Consult a doctor if you or someone in your care falls into a vulnerable group, such as young children, the elderly, pregnant women, or individuals with chronic health conditions or weakened immune systems. These groups are at higher risk for complications from viral gastroenteritis.
• Concerns About Dehydration in Children: If an infant or young child shows signs of dehydration, such as a dry mouth, lack of tears when crying, or significantly fewer wet nappies, seek medical attention. Children are particularly susceptible to rapid dehydration.
• Persistent Symptoms Despite Home Care: If you have been managing symptoms with home remedies and hydration but your condition is not improving or worsening, it’s important to consult a doctor.
• Uncertainty about Diagnosis: If you are unsure whether your symptoms are due to viral gastroenteritis or if there is a concern about a different underlying condition, seeking medical advice can help clarify the diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Final Thoughts 

Viral gastroenteritis can be overwhelming but with proper care and precautions, most individuals recover swiftly. Staying hydrated, maintaining good hygiene, and seeking medical attention when necessary are crucial for managing and preventing the illness. At Max Hospitals, we are committed to delivering exceptional care and support. If you or a loved one are experiencing symptoms or have concerns about complications related to gastro stomach flu, our skilled medical team is here to help. For more information or to schedule an appointment, visit our website or contact your nearest Max Hospital. Your health and well-being are our top priorities, and we’re dedicated to providing the highest standard of care.