Cervical Cancer: Recognizing Signs and Symptoms

Did you know that cervical cancer is the most treatable cancer in women, if diagnosed early? Recognizing early signs/symptoms of cervical cancer and getting an early diagnosis significantly increases your chances of a successful outcome. Unfortunately, most women often do not catch on to these symptoms until in the late stages of the cancer. If you are wondering what these symptoms are, then this blog is here to guide you through various signs to look out for, along with a few handy prevention tips.

What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus connecting to the vagina. It is typically caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection. There are two main types of cervical cancer:

• Squamous cell carcinoma (80%): This type begins in the thin, flat cells lining the outer part of the cervix.
• Adenocarcinoma: This type starts in the glandular cells that line the cervical canal.

What are the Four Stages of Cervical Cancer?

Initially beginning with a precancerous phase of intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 1,2 and 3), cervical cancer progresses through four main stages, each indicating how far the cancer has spread. Understanding these stages can help you recognize the signs and symptoms and seek timely medical intervention.

Stage I

Cancer is confined to the cervix. In this early stage, the tumor is small and hasn't spread to nearby tissues. Symptoms may be minimal or even absent, but some women may experience irregular vaginal bleeding or unusual discharge.

Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, and sometimes radiation therapy or chemotherapy is used to ensure all cancer cells are eradicated.

Stage II

Stage II means that the cancer has grown beyond the cervix and uterus but hasn't spread to the pelvic walls or the lower part of the vagina. Symptoms may become more noticeable and can include increased vaginal discharge, bleeding after intercourse, and pelvic pain.

Treatment often involves a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy to target cancer cells in a broader area. Surgery is feasible in a selected group of patients with small tumor sizes.

Stage III

When cervical cancer reaches Stage III, it has spread to the lower part of the vagina or the pelvic walls and may affect nearby lymph nodes. This stage can also cause kidney problems if the cancer blocks the flow of urine. Symptoms are more severe, including significant vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and issues with urination and bowel movements.

Treatment usually involves a more aggressive combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy to manage the cancer's spread.

Stage IV

Stage IV is the most advanced stage, indicating that the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the bladder, rectum, or distant organs like the lungs and liver. Symptoms are severe and may include intense pelvic pain, difficulty with urination or defecation, leg swelling, extreme fatigue, and weight loss.

Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life through methods such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies.

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer can be challenging to detect in its early stages due to the lack of noticeable symptoms. However, as the disease progresses, the symptoms become more apparent and severe. Understanding these signs and symptoms can help in early detection and timely medical intervention.

Cervical Cancer Early Stage Symptoms

In the early stages of cervical cancer, symptoms may be subtle or even absent. However, some common early-stage cervical cancer symptoms to watch for include:

• Irregular Vaginal Bleeding: This includes bleeding between menstrual periods, after intercourse, or after menopause.
• Unusual Vaginal Discharge: This may be watery, bloody, or have a foul odour.
• Pelvic Pain: Persistent pain in the pelvic area that is not related to the menstrual cycle.
• Pain During Intercourse: Discomfort or pain during sexual activity can be an early warning sign.

These symptoms can often be mistaken for other less serious conditions, making regular screenings such as Pap smears/HPV testing crucial for early detection.

Cervical Cancer Late Stage Symptoms

As cervical cancer progresses to more advanced stages, the symptoms become more pronounced and severe. These visible signs of cervical cancer can include:

• Heavy Vaginal Bleeding: More intense and frequent bleeding than in the early stages.
• Severe Pelvic Pain: Increased pain that may also spread to the back and legs.
• Difficulty Urinating or Bowel Movements: Cervical cancer urinary symptoms like pain or difficulty during urination or even bowel movements, possibly due to the cancer pressing on nearby organs.
• Swelling in the Legs: This can occur if the cancer blocks lymph nodes or blood vessels.
• Fatigue and Weight Loss: Unexplained weight loss and constant tiredness.

At this stage, the cancer might have spread to other parts of the body, such as the bladder, rectum, or distant organs, causing additional cervical cancer final stage symptoms related to those areas.

What are the Screening/Diagnostic Tests for Cervical Cancer?

While a Pap test and HPV test are often referred to as screening tests, they are not definitive for diagnosing cervical cancer. If the results of these tests are abnormal, your doctor will recommend confirmatory diagnostic tests to determine if cancer is present. Here are some confirmatory diagnostic tests for cervical cancer:

• Colposcopy: This procedure uses a colposcope, a magnifying instrument with a light source, to examine the cervix in detail. The doctor may apply a vinegar/iodine solution to the cervix, which can cause abnormal cells to turn white/yellow, making them easier to see. A small biopsy may also be taken during a colposcopy.
• Biopsy: A biopsy is a procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the cervix. The tissue is then examined under a microscope by a pathologist to look for cancer cells. There are different types of biopsies that can be used to diagnose cervical cancer, including punch biopsy, endocervical curettage (ECC), and cone biopsy.
• Endometrial biopsy: This test removes a small sample of tissue from the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to check for cancer cells. This test may be done if there is a concern that cervical cancer has spread to the uterus.

If a biopsy confirms cervical cancer, other tests may be done to determine the stage of the cancer.

How to Prevent Cervical Cancer?

Preventing cervical cancer involves a combination of lifestyle choices, medical screenings, and vaccinations. Listed below are some key strategies to help reduce your risk.

Get Vaccinated Against HPV

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is highly effective in preventing infections with the types of HPV that most commonly cause cervical cancer. The vaccine is recommended for pre-teens (both boys and girls) starting at age 11 or 12, but it can also be given to individuals up to age 45. Vaccines are readily available at all tertiary health centres. 

Regular Screening Tests

Routine cervical cancer screening is crucial for early detection and prevention. The primary screening tests include:

• Pap Smear (Pap Test): Women should start getting Pap smears at age 21-25 and continue every three years if results are normal.
• HPV Test: Starting at age 30, women can opt for an HPV test every five years, either alone or in combination with a Pap smear.

Practice Safe Sex

Reducing the risk of HPV infection can lower your chances of developing cervical cancer. Practise safe sex by:

• Using condoms or dental dams during intercourse.
• Limiting the number of sexual partners.
• Avoiding sexual activity with individuals who have had many partners or who are known to have HPV.

Quit Smoking

Smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer, especially in women who are infected with HPV. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce this risk and improve overall health.

Maintain a Healthy Immune System

A strong immune system helps the body fight infections, including HPV. Maintain your immune health by:

• Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Exercising regularly
• Getting adequate sleep
• Managing stress

Follow Up on Abnormal Screening Results

If you receive an abnormal Pap smear or HPV test result, follow up with your healthcare provider for additional testing and potential treatment. Early intervention can prevent precancerous cells from developing into cervical cancer.

Avoid Long-term Use of Oral Contraceptives

Long-term use of oral contraceptives has been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. Discuss alternative birth control methods with your healthcare provider if you are concerned about this risk.

Limit Exposure to DES (Diethylstilboestrol)

DES is a synthetic form of oestrogen that was prescribed between 1940 and 1971 to prevent miscarriage. Women whose mothers took DES while pregnant have a higher risk of cervical cancer. If you were exposed to DES, inform your healthcare provider and undergo regular screenings.

Frequently Asked Questions

How often should one be Screened for Cervical Cancer?

The recommended screening schedule for cervical cancer can vary depending on your age and risk factors. Here's a general guideline:

• Ages 21-29: Pap test every 3 years (HPV testing not routinely recommended)
• Ages 30-65: Pap test and HPV test (co-testing) every 5 years, or Pap test alone every 3 years
• Over 65: Depends on past screening history. Talk to any of the cervical cancer doctors in India for detailed information.

Does HPV Always Lead to Cervical Cancer?

No, infection with the HPV is very common, and most HPV infections go away on their own. However, certain types of HPV can persist and contribute to the development of cervical cancer over time. This is why regular screening is important.

How does Cervical Cancer Affect the Rest of the Body?

Cervical cancer, if left untreated, can grow and spread to nearby tissues in the cervix, vagina, and ovaries. In advanced stages, it can also spread to distant parts of the body through the blood and lymphatic system.

How Long does it Take for Cervical Cancer to Develop?

The development of cervical cancer is a slow process, often taking years or even decades. This is why regular screening is crucial for early detection and successful treatment.

What are Some Cervical Cancer Symptoms After Giving Birth?

Symptoms of cervical cancer in females can be similar regardless of pregnancy history. Here are some to be aware of:

• Unusual vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, after sex, or after menopause
• Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may have a foul odour
• Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse

Conclusion

We hope this blog provided helpful information about cervical cancer symptoms and prevention. Equip yourself with knowledge, schedule regular screenings, prioritize healthy habits, and don't hesitate to consult a healthcare provider. Max Hospitals, one of the best cancer treatment hospitals in India, is committed to women's health and offers comprehensive cervical cancer screening and treatment options. Schedule an appointment with your gynecologist / gynec oncologist in delhi today and take charge of your cervical health.