Renal or kidney transplantation, is a surgery that involves the implantation of a healthy donor kidney to a patient suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD). ESRD refers to the gradual loss of kidney function due to chronic kidney disease (CKD), and may require regular dialysis or a transplantation. Renal transplantation is one of the best ways to treat the patients with the end-stage renal disease. There are a few types of kidney transplant:

• Living donor transplant- A kidney is taken from a living, healthy donor. Living donors can include immediate family members and possibly relatives, which has to be cleared by NOTTO (National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation) to prevent the misuse of law.
• ABO incompatible kidney transplant- Refers to a kind of kidney transplant where donors and recipients whose blood type do not match may be considered for surgery by providing immunosuppressants before and after the procedure to reduce the chances of organ rejection

Urinary stones are an amalgamation of chemical substances present within the urinary bladder. A specific concentration of these chemicals in the urine causes them to crystallise, leading to stone formation. They may be smooth, jagged or spiky and can be single or multiple in number. This disorder is present more in middle-aged people, with men being affected more often than women.

Kidney stones refer to solid masses made up of tiny crystals. There can be one or more stones in the kidney or ureter at the same time. Small kidney stones typically leave the body in the urine stream, and a small stone may pass without causing symptoms. If stones grow to a significant size [usually at least 3 millimetres (0.12 in)], they can cause a blockage of the ureter. This leads to pain, most commonly beginning in the flank or lower back and often radiating to the groin. This pain is often known as renal colic and typically comes in waves lasting 20 to 60 minutes.

This is a condition where organs, such as the uterus, slip out of place. It is used for organs protruding through the vagina or the rectum or for the misalignment of the valves of the heart. This can happen when the muscles that hold your pelvic organs in place become weak or stretch out due to childbirth or surgery. In many cases, more than one organ can prolapse as well.

Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL) is one of the most frequently used treatments for kidney stones. High-intensity waves are targeted from outside the body at the stone, which causes it to break into fragments. Another name for Shock Wave Lithotripsy is Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL), where extracorporeal means from outside the body. Shock Wave Lithotripsy is an efficient non-surgical procedure for treating stones in the kidney or the ureter. Once the stones are broken into fragments, they are easily passed through urine.

Hematuria refers to the presence of red blood cells in the urine. This is actually a sign of a kidney stone or a tumour in the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, prostate, and urethra), and can range from trivial to lethal.

Prostate enlargement is a common part of ageing. Doctors call this condition ‘Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia’ (BPH). Though the prostate continues to grow during most of a man’s life, the enlargement does not usually cause problems until later in life. It rarely causes symptoms before one turns 40 years old. More than half of men in their sixties and as many as 90% in their seventies and eighties have some symptoms of prostate enlargement. It is the most common benign tumour in men and is one of those rare conditions that affect the quality of life, rather than the longevity of life.

Laparoscopic urologic surgery is a minimally invasive surgery that involves the use of a laparoscope that has an inbuilt camera and several long and thin surgical instruments. It is inserted into the body through small incisions. With this surgery, patients experience a much better postoperative pain control, short hospitalisation, quick recovery period and better results.

Prostatitis is typically a condition that involves inflammation of the prostate, and sometimes the area around it. There are four types of prostatitis, each with a range of symptoms.

Overactive bladder or urge incontinence refers to a strong, sudden need to urinate due to bladder spasms or contractions. The frequent need to urinate may occur during the day, at night, or both. If there is a loss of bladder control, then it is known as urge incontinence. Its cause is still unknown. More than 40% of people with overactive bladder have incontinence. A large number of cases of urinary incontinence is due to an overactive bladder. It is not life-threatening. Most people with the condition have had problems for years.

Renal or kidney transplantation, is a surgery that involve the implantation of a healthy donor kidney to a patient suffering from an end-stage renal disease (ESRD).