It is pain that occurs when the heart does not get enough blood supply. This is due to the accumulation of plaque in the blood vessel which interrupts the blood flow. To restore the blood supply, the heart starts beating faster and harder, and this condition is known as angina. Its signs and symptoms vary from person to person.

Vascular disease is a group of diseases of the blood vessels (arteries and veins of the circulatory system) where there is a disorder and disruption in the blood flow that can lead to disability and even death. Vascular surgery is a surgical subspecialty which involves usage of minimal-invasive catheter procedures to treat the diseases of the vascular system, arteries, veins and lymphatic circulation. However, intracranial and coronary arteries are not included in vascular surgery.

Also known as a congenital heart defect, this refers to the structural defects in the heart which is present at birth. The defects can be related to the heart walls, heart valves, arteries and veins near the heart. The defect affects the normal blood flow that can lead to various complications. These complications may vary, with few infants not needing treatment while others require treatments like surgery and even heart transplants.

Heart failure, also known as congestive heart failure, refers to an inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood needed by the body tissues, due to weakening or hardening of the heart muscles. Although heart failure often begins at the left side, it may involve pumping chambers on either side of the heart or both. It may occur progressively as a complication of other heart diseases or unexpectedly due to sudden injury to the heart muscles.

A heart transplant is a surgical transplantation that is performed on patients with end-stage heart failure, or severe coronary artery disease. The patient’s heart is replaced with a donor’s healthy heart and is performed as a life-saving measure.

Doctors suggest a pacemaker implantation for various reasons – majorly due to conditions such as arrhythmias where the heart rhythm is abnormal. Its major role is to control heartbeat and a pacemaker can be temporarily implanted for treating a slow heartbeat after an attack, overdose of medication or surgery, or they can be implanted permanently to slow down the heartbeat or to treat heart failure.

Heart valve surgery is a procedure for treatment of heart valve disease. This takes place when one of the four heart halves that are responsible for pumping blood in the right direction are not functioning properly. Heart valve surgery includes a surgeon repairing or replacing the affected heart valves.

Valvular disease refers to a condition that affects the valves of the heart. It can cause a disruption in the flow of blood among the chambers. Valves may be narrowed or can leak blood back to chambers, which is why surgery may be necessary to treat valvular heart disease

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), also called Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) is a minimally invasive procedure that allows the surgeon to replace a damaged or narrowed aortic valve by deploying a catheter through the blood vessels. TAVR is an option for high-risk patients since it is a minimally invasive procedure of replacing a damaged aortic valve. TAVI procedure has proven to be a game-changer as it brings down the risk factor to the minimum.

Cardiac arrhythmia refers to a large group of conditions resulting from abnormalities in the electrical activity of the heart. It is the abnormality of the heart rhythm wherein the heart beats too slowly, rapidly, irregularly or with extra beats (premature atrial or ventricular beat).

Valvular heart disease refers to damage to or a defect in one of the four heart valves –mitral, aortic, pulmonary and tricuspid. Valves are placed between chambers and vessels to maintain unidirectional flows of blood. The disease may be from birth (congenital heart disease) or can develop later in life (acquired heart disease).

A heart attack leads to permanent heart damage or death. Also known as Myocardial Infarction, a part of the heart muscle (myocardium) might die (infraction). A heart attack occurs when one of the coronary arteries becomes severely or completely blocked, usually due to a blood clot. The severity of a heart attack generally depends on how much of the heart muscle is injured during the heart attack.

Peripheral artery disease, also known as PAD, refers to a blockage or narrowing of vessels (arteries) that supply blood to the legs from the heart. It can occur due to the build-up of fatty tissue or plaque within the blood vessels, or at the periphery of the vessel and is also referred to as atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis. It commonly affects the lower limbs but can affect any blood vessel such as arms, stomach, head and kidneys. Peripheral artery disease has a high prevalence rate among the population. However, it is one of the most underdiagnosed and undertreated diseases.

Coronary arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the heart. Heart Bypass Surgery, also called Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) is an operation that is carried out to improve the flow of blood to the heart muscle in people with coronary heart disease whose coronary arteries are severely narrowed or blocked.

Rheumatic heart disease refers to damage in one or more heart valves that occurs after rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever can damage the heart valves, leading to rheumatic heart disease. If left untreated, rheumatic heart disease can cause complications such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and infection of the valves.

A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is a lightweight pump that helps restore normal blood flow in patients whose hearts are weakened by cardiac disease. It is used to sustain cardiac function in those with end-stage heart failure or as a bridge to heart transplants.